This guidance focuses on helping local authorities comply with the EU Waste Framework Directive, which mandates separate bio-waste collection from 1 January 2024. With recycling targets of 60–65% for municipal waste by 2035, effective bio-waste collection is essential to achieving circular economy objectives. However, the paper warns that some municipalities may choose seemingly cheaper collection options—such as large open or locked street containers—that ultimately deliver weaker results.
Drawing on data from various European regions, the guidance demonstrates that door-to-door collection systems consistently achieve the highest capture rates and the lowest contamination levels. While street container systems may appear less costly at the outset, evidence shows they underperform in both quantity and quality of collected bio-waste, making it harder to meet legal targets and often increasing long-term costs due to lower material quality and higher treatment expenses.
The paper presents key performance indicators and policy recommendations to guide municipalities in designing high-performing systems. It emphasises that, particularly for food waste—the most challenging and under-collected fraction—door-to-door collection is the most efficient, reliable, and cost-effective method. Overall, the study provides evidence-based guidance for decision-makers seeking durable solutions that align with EU recycling and climate goals.
Publication year: 2022
Language: EN
Published by: Zero Waste Europe (ZWE)
Keywords: bio-waste collection, door-to-door systems, Waste Framework Directive, recycling targets, collection performance, contamination rates, circular economy, municipal waste management, policy recommendations
